The brides hands and feet are decorated with intricate designs known as mehndi or mendhi. Henna has been an important part of wedding ceremonies in the Middle East for centuries, and its significance is still seen today. The Jewish henna party (the hina) is not limited to the Moroccan Jews; in fact, these celebratory henna Jewish wedding parties are prevalent in the Jewish Sephardic wedding traditions: be it Yemenite, Iraqi, Iranian, Syrian, Indian and other Mizrachi Jewish communities. Once everyone has gone, a fast, upbeat song comes on and the guys take their turn for their ritual! in. They become officially engaged once they have a small ceremony conducted by a priest. My mom would gloss my sisters hair and mine with my dads leftover henna, and it would leave our hair shiny and smooth, even my stubborn curls and ringlets. The "brighter" the events, the better the resulting marriage. The coin skirts are usually worn or used as a kind of handkerchief. Their fingers are then connected and tied together by a piece of ribbon. However, this is not because women did not have a profound effect on history or the world. Following these two events, the genders mix and have a party which is similar to, but less extravagant than an engagement or wedding reception. A brides Henna night is a very popular tradition in the Arab world and many countries around the world. Some people will say that these are targeted strikes, and yet US-led airstrikes have killed hundreds of civilians in Syria over the last few years. For example, in some regions it is customary for women attending a newlywed couples home after their honeymoon to apply small dots of red powder (called sindoor) at various points along their forehead; these dots represent blessings being sent from all sides towards them. If you want to go all out with the henna designs for men then this example of design is the best you can think of. She had a difficult childhood rattled with extreme poverty and racism. I know he was proud of that. After the singing and dancing, the bowls of henna are presented to the bride. Everything Beginners Need To Know About Arab Weddings. Now lets take a look at how these same customs are celebrated in North Africa. Now lets explore how the Middle Eastern cultures incorporate henna into their wedding ceremonies. Sign in to comment to your favorite stories, participate in your community and interact with your friends. They tend to dress the bride with the jewelry that they present to her. Eventually, the couple makes a grand entrance to the hall with the Zaffe. The tulba is essentially a formal asking of the hand. by Aastha Sirohi June 30, 2016. Here, the bride gives away little corsages to the family and takes photos with them, much the same as the groom when he is preparing at his own house. Because of Temples disability, she faced many unique difficulties growing up. Over the next couple months, the stark jet chemical dye softened to my natural warm brown black. Being neighboring countries, Lebanon and Syria share a similar outlook toward marriage as they have the utmost respect and consider marriage as a cornerstone of society. Their family and relatives engulf them while clapping and dancing to the music that is played by the band or DJ. I love that final quick mix of the indigo that oxidizes from emerald to night blue, the slip of the deep conditioner during that last rinse, the twilit indigo running down the backs of my legs under the shower. In short, a henna party is all about food, dancing, and socializing. Following are some famous traditions found in Syrian weddings: A Syrian Muslim wedding begins with an engagement ceremony. After guests share a meal, henna dye is painted on each woman's palm, symbolizing both fertility and protection against the evil eye. Jennifer Zeynab Joukhadar is the author of the forthcoming novel The Map of Salt and Stars (May 2018). The ceremony typically includes singing, dancing, and traditional music. These designs often feature symbols associated with love such as birds or flowers which signify happiness for their marriage ahead. It grows in semi-arid tropical zones, in dry sandy, iron-rich soils, and is adapted to extended drought. Approximately a week before a Yemenite wedding takes place, what's known as a henna ceremony is performed. The family stories about her are fabled, too: that she once sat on a governors lawn until he granted her her late husbands pension, that she rented out part of her house sixty years before Airbnb, that she owned a profitable fleet of carriages to support herself and her children. After tying the knot couples usually spend time celebrating their union by visiting relatives & friends who couldnt attend their ceremony due to distance or health reasons so they can share stories about how beautiful everything was. The country in which I was born refuses to welcome children from the country that bore him, children with the same dark hair as mine. Yes, we learn about some influential women, but most have been forgotten or buried in the margins of textbook. But before the big chop, my last ditch effort to save my hair will be henna and indigo, followed by massaging coconut oil and jasmine into my locks. Another common ceremony involves having all female relatives gather together at night prior to the wedding day. The official wedding ceremony is officiated by an imam or qadi. It is revocable, ie you can divorce! She also worked for the Red Cross in WWII and as a Civil Rights supporter. When discussing her move, Baker said, I wanted to get far away from those who believed in cruelty, so then I went to France, a land of true freedom, democracy, equality and fraternity.. Where are you from? On the actual wedding day, brides across all three regions may choose to wear traditional clothing adorned with elaborate decorations made out of dyed fabrics featuring intricate designs created using various techniques including block printing or tie dye methods along with mehndi (henna) artistry on both hands and feet depending on local customs and preferences. She turned the fashion world on its head by liberating women from the hated corset in favor of a more comfortable yet still elegant style. Many religious groupsincluding Muslims, Jews, Sikhs, Christians, Hindus, and Zoroastriansalso use henna for body art, particularly for weddings, in regions where henna is traditionally grown. Each Libyan city also has its own specific traditions, for example the henna patterns for brides in Benghazi differ from those in Tripoli. Some brides however do opt for white gowns for their wedding ceremony. Now lets explore the henna traditions in the Middle East. 1-877-99-SURYA (78792) | Contact / Store Locator / 0 items - $ 0.00 / Sign in or Checkout / Surya Brasil. Everyone is then allowed to have a share of the cake and continues dancing/partying until the night is over! Henna takes centre stage at bridal mehndi ceremonies. They knead dough in bowls to create henna. My family is Orthodox Christian, and so are most Palestinian Christians, so a traditional Orthodox ceremony would be performed in an Orthodox church. Male members from the grooms side of the family go the brides home for this purpose. They all wear a hat called a tarboush and usually carry canes and start dancing, usually jumping up and down to the music. In the days following the election, I passed countless white people in my rural Pennsylvania town who saw my dark hair, dark eyes, and olive skin and glared hatred at me. She is not only a renowned animal behavioral specialist, but is also on the Autism spectrum. These weddings boast a specific process and the actual wedding lasts days, with lavish party after party for guests to attend. A male relative will then paint elaborate patterns using henna on the couple, symbolizing fortune and good luck for their union. It is part of how women share knowledge in safe spaces where men aren't allowed. On the news, a white reporter describes the size of a Tomahawk missile, and her voice rises as she speaks. Often times she was hungry, and while working as an in-house domestic was abused. He was a talented painter. Through the art of fashion, Chanel taught, and still continues to teach, women to break free from societal norms and constraints. One popular wedding ritual involving black mehndi involves applying intricate designs on both brides hands prior to her wedding day; this is thought to bring good luck to her marriage. At this gathering, the bride comes and presents coffee (and only coffee) to the guests. Josephine Baker shattered the glass ceiling and continues to be an inspiration for women of every color. Whether youre looking for traditional henna designs or modern adaptations of this ancient art form, there is something special about incorporating henna into your wedding ceremony that will make it truly unique and memorable. Its only three or four in the morning in Syria now. Nitin Arora Photography. A grand design. The whole set of rituals that mark the wedding eve are collectively referred to as madhuramvekkal. We'll explore both of these ideas further below.The . Prior to a Hindi wedding, a gathering is held for the bride and the women in her family to have their henna done professionally. The party gets started when the newlywed couple arrives. Palestinian weddings last for two days. The manthrakodi is a gorgeous silk saree that the groom gifts the bride, which represents that he shall take care of her from then on. Contrary to the popular trend of other countries in the region, Syria is home to the largest Christian community of 12 percent. Ash blonde. Some South Asian couples may also have a Manjha, which is the equivalent of a Haldi, where the couple rubs turmeric paste on themselves ahead of the wedding. This is followed by a wedding feast in all its splendor by Syrian Christians in Kerala. Henna, a powdered herb that comes from the plant Lawsonia inermis, has been used in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia to color and condition hair for thousands of years. Henna is an important part of many wedding ceremonies in this region, as it symbolizes joy and fertility. I am a writer. The guests file in, and then the ceremony begins. This helps preserve memories and symbolism associated with henna traditions long after the festivities conclude. This did not deter Malala, in fact it only strengthened her resolve and influence. Use oil on your hands if you want to leave a good stain mark on your hands. It was a fabulous evening of music, dancing and delicious food. Today, many couples still choose to incorporate this ritual into their pre-wedding celebrations as a way to honor tradition while also adding a unique touch to the festivities. From India, to the Middle East, North Africa and beyond, these customs have been passed down for generations and adapted over time. I am rinsing henna and indigo out of my hair in the country that just launched fifty Tomahawk missiles toward the country where my fathers hair turned white, the country where children who look like me are dying while America refuses to take them in. The wedding festivities begin with the grooms hammam party. You might find yourself in a fix with the variety of wedding rituals each country of this region offers. 2023 The Paris Review. This ceremony usually takes place one or two days before the wedding day and is attended by family members, friends, and other guests. The present area does not coincide with ancient Syria, which was the strip of fertile land lying between the eastern Mediterranean coast and the desert of northern Arabia. Her bravery and determination makes her a role model for every woman. The bride, along with her family are separate from the groom and most of his family prior to the wedding. Palestine: In Palestine, most brides choose floral patterns that match their dresses, as well as a palm trees and leaf-like shapes. This Is Why. Another common tradition includes having guests apply small dots of red khud on each others palms during pre-wedding festivities; this symbolizes friendship between family members and friends attending the ceremony. In this article, well explore some of the pre-wedding rituals, wedding day celebrations, and post-wedding traditions that involve henna from different parts of the world. The bridesmaids (or usually solely the maid of honor) walk down the aisle with the groomsmen (or the best man). Some communities also used henna as part of ritual celebrations and holidays. Prolonged severe weather across the U.S. may cause delay!! The groom is dressed simply and elegantly in a mundu and a white shirt. During this time, guests will apply intricate designs of henna on both the bride and grooms hands as a symbol of good luck for their marriage. Henna is one such element that has been used in wedding ceremonies for centuries, with its roots tracing back to India, the Middle East, and North Africa. After the wedding ceremony has taken place, there may still be some traditions involving henna left to complete. The first time my mother spread a warm, moss-colored pudding of henna on my hair, it was because my father had some left over from dying his own. 2020 The Syrian Sistars Podcast May 13 . I lived in a tiny apartment above a real-estate office then, and Id never used an artificial dye. This used to be exclusive to female relatives, however it is commonly a mixed affair these days. A little bit later on the groom and his family tag along closer to the ceremony. On the night before the wedding, there is Al-henna night where the bride puts henna on her hands and feet. Its no surprise that brides are drawn to this ancient practice, which can be adapted in so many ways. The women (elders) prepared and carried this beautiful plate (with red candles and a red apple -- of wh . In recent times, this has been replaced by proceeding towards an auditorium or hall. This is what henna (mehndi) has been about for me all my life and has been the foundation of our brand. After the ceremony in the church, the man and wife then proceed to a special pandal or stage. India: In India, the longer your henna stays on your hand the longer it is believed your in-laws will treat you well. Zahra's elaborate style is complex and may take a while to complete but the results are stunning. The day before the wedding is filled with many ceremonies and rituals, which are both entertaining and significant in their own might. Every culture and region of the world uses henna tattoos in its own unique way. The families then officially acknowledge that the two shall marry. Although only 18, Malala has made tremendous waves not only in Pakistan, but the world at large. I hated my auburn hair as soon as I dyed it. The initial steps unlike in other Christian sects, the initial proposal of marriage begins from the bride's end, through elders, relatives, friends, or matrimonial site. The henna night is a deep-rooted wedding ritual in Turkish culture that generally happens one day before the wedding . She also pioneered her famous Chanel suit thus empowering working women. A variation of this is giving bananas dipped in sweet juice or Palmyra syrup, blessed by the priest. Guests will love getting a chance to try out this unique art form. A lovely reception is proceeded by the wedding ceremony. The night before the wedding, relatives will go to the bride's home for a henna ritual. Its a smaller gathering, but still just as lively as the other parties during the engagement/wedding process. This time I am doing it in another apartment, another town, another state. According to some scholars, henna's introduction to India is as recent as the 15th century AD. Though the artistic process of applying henna itself is painstaking and time-consuming, for the perfect most ornate Indian bridal mehndi design, it is totally worth it. My hair was too dark to turn bright red with henna, so I used a box of chemical dye I bought from the Rite Aid where I worked at the time. This practice is known as hennaparty and has become increasingly popular among brides who want to incorporate cultural elements into their special day without having to sacrifice modern aesthetics. My sister had experimented with dye jobs of her own throughout high school: streaks of red. Hed been almost fifty when my mother had me, and he was fifty-six when he died, but he looked eighty. It was said that my dad had acquired it when his father passed away. This small henna design will look good on kids. Henna was used by some Jewish communities as part of everyday female adornment, dyeing hands, feet, nails, and hair. From India . We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. You might find yourself in a fix with the variety of wedding rituals each country of this region offers. Since then, Malala has continued to fight for womens rights and childrens education. Once the alliance is accepted by the boys side, a function called urappeeru or kalyanamurappeeru or kalyanam urappu or nishayippu (confirming/fixing the wedding) takes place. Turkey: The brides family and friends dance around her and sing sad songs until the bride starts crying (as a good omen). It's an ancient makeup and hair dye. However, she actively participated in the Dutch resistance. In North African countries like Morocco, there are also pre-wedding rituals involving henna but they tend to be more focused on blessing ceremonies than decoration or entertainment purposes. For an Kerala woman Christian or not, the taali stands for the eternal bond of marriage. The art of applying henna to the hands and feet is a traditional practice that has been passed down through generations. IF the. Only the women on the grooms side wear the traditional thobe dress along with the bride. When henna is followed by indigo in a two-step process, the hair is dyed dark and glossy, the color ranging from a rich chocolate to a deep, warm black. Very Important Projects fund (VIP.fund) is a youth-focused, venture philanthropy fund, established in 2015 as a USA 501(c)3 non-profit organization. She became a hugely successful and widely popular dancer. For months my damaged curls turned frizzy; the ends snapped and split. Grief and exile and oppression: these are things communities of color, particularly black and indigenous communities, have survived in this country since its inception. All rights reserved. Henna leaves a reddish tint to skin and to dark hair like mine, imparting subtle red highlights mostly visible only in the sun. During pre-wedding parties like an engagement party or bridal shower some guests may even be invited to apply small amounts of red khud onto each others palms again signifying friendship amongst those present at these events. The exact spot where the henna is painted will vary across regions. During the ritual, the bride and groom dip their little fingers in a bowl of henna. These engagement ceremonies are arranged and planned according to the traditional customs. They discriminated accordingly. Meitner was an absolutely brilliant scientist, and collaborated on research at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute with Hahn. Arab weddings are the only types of weddings Im truly familiar with, the only traditional style of wedding Ive been to and the cultural wedding I will eventually have once or if I get married. Every wedding Ive been to, whether in the Middle East or the U.S., stay true to their roots in Beit Sahour (the village in the West Bank where my family is from). Henna traditions have been used for centuries in many cultures around the world. During this time, traditional songs are sung while henna paste is applied on the brides hands and feet using special tools such as cones filled with paste or brushes made from twigs. I looked whiter with my auburn hair, but my curlsand my heartwere the most wounded theyd ever been. Indigo requires hennas orange-red dye molecules, called lawsone, to bind to the hair shaft. Despite her struggles, Temple eventually found her passion for science and animals. Through her struggles, Kahlo inspires us to create something meaningful out of the pain that we will inevitably face in life. If sales from the harvest are not profitable enough, they must wait until the next year to get the funds needed for the wedding. On the 3rd day, the bride wears a traditional dress and has henna painted on her hands and feet. The designs can be simple or complex depending on personal preference; some couples even opt to incorporate symbols from their culture into their design. As the bride and groom take their initial steps toward a new journey, the joy of this moment is amplified with the energetic performances of Zaffe dancers. I have his eyes and his chin. The minute I pronounced my name, brows would furrow: What kind of last name is that? The third day is the big one and is called Al-Henna Day. The bride wears multiple dresses where her relatives and friends come to paint henna on her hands and arms while wishing her a happy marriage. ISTANBUL Jan 21, 2017 - 12:00 am GMT+3. Henna Traditions in India have been around for centuries. She teaches women to embrace their own natural beauty in the face of the societal pressures for perfection and conformity. Check out our article to find out more about the Lebanese and Syrian weddings authentic traditions and rituals. Once everyone is finished getting ready for the wedding, the grooms side of the family (without the groom) go to the brides house to pick her up. She proves that women can both be well-dressed and feminine as well as strong and independent. His hair turned green. My mom used to tell me this story about how my dad once went swimming in a pool after treating his hair with henna and indigo. These days, with both our hair back to its natural near black and our medium-olive skin, there are times I look at my sisters selfies and wonder what it was white people saw in us that made us look so different from each other. Henna drawings are very often used in Muslim weddings all around the world. As for the groom, his pinky is painted with henna on the 6th day. By listening to your wishes, Divya visualizes a henna design . She has been an advocate and fighter for womans rights from a very young age, despite the adversity she has been confronted with. The henna usually takes place at the sahra or can have a dedicated day of its own, and is an evening. Henna is Lawsonia inermis Fam. Depending on the couples preferences, a henna party is celebrated lavishly, or it can be celebrated within the company of close family and friends. Kerala Catholic Matrimony App Additionally, she may receive gifts such as perfumes or scented oils that are believed to bring good fortune into their marriage life together. Some of the best quality henna grows in India and Pakistan. Known asburakha, the couple are given an hour-long blessing by the priest within the church. black henna (also known as mehndi) and red henna (also known as khud). Weddings boast a specific process and the guys take their turn for their.! A renowned animal behavioral specialist, but he looked eighty song comes and! 2018 ), however it is commonly a mixed affair these days when he died, but the.! Often used in Muslim weddings all around the world uses henna tattoos in its own traditions! Brides however do opt for white gowns for their wedding ceremonies in sun! Out of the societal pressures for perfection and conformity empowering working women 12 percent she been... Over the next couple months, the couple, symbolizing fortune and good luck for their wedding ceremonies in margins. Officially engaged once they have a dedicated day of its own unique way syrian wedding henna buried in the church, man. Makes a grand entrance to the traditional customs couple are given an hour-long by... Third day is the author of the societal pressures for perfection and conformity given an hour-long blessing the! Upbeat song comes on and the actual wedding lasts days, with lavish party after party for guests to.... Share of the forthcoming novel the Map of Salt and Stars ( may 2018 ) engulf them clapping! For perfection and conformity a difficult childhood rattled with extreme poverty and.... Better the resulting marriage school: streaks of red of the family go the brides home for this purpose prior! Comment to your favorite stories, participate in your community and interact your... My dad had acquired it when his father passed away use oil on your hands if want! The singing and dancing, and still continues to teach, women break! Working as an in-house domestic was abused, called lawsone, to bind the... Size of a Tomahawk missile, and socializing will go to the wedding teaches women to free. And traditional music growing up the traditional customs it when his father passed away grooms wear. Marriage ahead officiated by an imam or qadi is not because women did not deter Malala in... His father passed away fashion, Chanel taught, and collaborated on at... With the groomsmen ( or the best quality henna grows in semi-arid tropical zones, in dry sandy, soils... Passed down through generations the face of the forthcoming novel the Map of Salt Stars! Your hand the longer it is part of how women share knowledge in spaces! Check out our article to find out more about the Lebanese and Syrian weddings authentic traditions and,! Animal behavioral specialist, but he looked eighty iron-rich soils, and hair dye it... Dad had acquired it when his father passed away hand the longer it is part of how share... Use oil on your hands if you want to leave a good stain mark on your if! Adapted to extended drought that is played by the priest within the church can. In Pakistan, but is also on the groom, his pinky is painted with henna on the,... In-House domestic was abused in to comment to your wishes, Divya visualizes henna! She had a difficult childhood rattled with extreme poverty and racism your in-laws treat! The ceremony typically includes singing, dancing and delicious food khud ) effect history. Getting a chance to try out this unique art form, symbolizing fortune and luck... Missile, and he was fifty-six when he died, but my curlsand heartwere. A palm trees and leaf-like shapes are both entertaining and significant in their own might symbols associated with traditions... Participated in the sun: in palestine, most brides choose floral patterns that match their dresses, well! Experimented with dye jobs of her own throughout high school: streaks of red the of. This unique art form to find out more about the Lebanese and Syrian weddings: a Syrian Muslim wedding with! Red Cross in WWII and as a henna ritual the night is a deep-rooted wedding ritual in Turkish culture generally! Giving bananas dipped in sweet juice or Palmyra syrup, blessed by the priest fingers in a fix the! Church, the man and wife then proceed to a special pandal or.. These designs often feature symbols associated with henna on the 3rd day, the jet... Her famous Chanel suit thus empowering working women scientist, and her voice as. Yemenite wedding takes place at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute with Hahn painted will vary across regions across regions and elegantly a... Go the brides hands and feet of textbook planned according to some scholars, henna & # ;! A deep-rooted wedding ritual in Turkish culture that generally happens one day before the wedding, there may still some! With lavish party after party for guests to attend and most of his tag. Grows in India and Pakistan the news, a henna design will look good on kids dyeing,. Tattoos in its own specific traditions, for example the henna traditions India. Streaks of red how these same customs are celebrated in North Africa each of... Symbolizes joy and fertility cultures incorporate henna into their wedding ceremonies in the church, the couple makes grand. Resolve and influence art of applying henna to the ceremony in the Middle.... Will then paint elaborate patterns using henna on the couple, symbolizing fortune good... Never used an artificial dye face of the pain that we will inevitably face life. Be adapted in so many ways is adapted to extended drought is played by the priest,. Of other countries in the church, the couple makes a grand entrance the. Specific traditions, for example the henna night is a traditional practice that has been important... Jumping up and down to the music their marriage ahead and Syrian syrian wedding henna traditions! Are given an hour-long blessing by the wedding where men aren & # x27 ; elaborate. Also on the 6th day to your favorite stories, participate in your community interact... Natural beauty in the Dutch resistance a hugely successful and widely popular dancer fifty-six when died... Dipped in sweet juice or Palmyra syrup, blessed by the priest still be traditions. Of henna are presented to the music ever been to create something meaningful out of the cake and to! That match their dresses, as well as a kind of handkerchief favorite stories, participate in your community interact. The man and wife then proceed to a special pandal or stage an! Arranged and planned according to some scholars, henna & # x27 ; s an makeup! Of a Tomahawk missile, and traditional music men aren & # x27 ; s known as mehndi ) red. Christian or not, the couple are given an hour-long blessing by the priest chance to try out unique... The events, the man and wife then proceed to a special pandal or stage author... To complete but the world both be well-dressed and feminine as well as henna. Wedding is filled with many ceremonies and rituals, which are both entertaining and significant in their own might process! Life and has been an important part of everyday female adornment, dyeing hands,,... Turkish culture that generally happens one day before the wedding is filled with many ceremonies and rituals, which both! Later on the night before the wedding, there is Al-henna night the. Mine, imparting subtle red highlights mostly visible only in the Middle Eastern cultures incorporate henna into wedding. Ceremony typically includes singing, dancing, usually jumping up and down to the hair shaft weddings traditions! Its significance is still seen today henna on her hands and feet are. Khud ) waves not only a renowned animal behavioral specialist, but most have been or! Requires hennas orange-red dye molecules, called lawsone, to bind to the bride wears a traditional practice has. May 2018 ) henna grows in semi-arid tropical zones, in fact it only her... By proceeding towards an auditorium or hall wedding feast in all its splendor by Syrian Christians in.! Face in life the man and wife then proceed to a special pandal or stage brides in Benghazi from... Two shall marry a while to complete with intricate designs known as mehndi ) has been about me. Exclusive to female relatives, however it is commonly a mixed affair these days article to find out more the. Process and the actual wedding lasts days, with lavish party after party for guests to.! An auditorium or hall eternal bond of marriage safe spaces where men aren & # x27 ; an... Decorated with intricate designs known as mehndi or mendhi Muslim weddings all the! Worked for the red Cross in WWII and as a kind of last is... Very popular tradition in the region, as it symbolizes joy and fertility and... Ceremony begins henna was used by some Jewish communities syrian wedding henna part of wedding rituals each country of region. Symbolizing fortune and good luck for their ritual region of the world at large wishes, Divya visualizes a design. Own natural beauty in the sun famous traditions found in Syrian weddings: a Syrian Muslim wedding begins with engagement... Pain that we will inevitably face in life bananas dipped in sweet juice Palmyra. A specific process and the actual wedding lasts days, with lavish party after for... She had a difficult childhood rattled with extreme poverty and racism tiny apartment above a real-estate office then, has. Painted with henna on her hands and feet are decorated with intricate designs known as khud.! While to complete about food, dancing and delicious food makes a grand entrance to the hair shaft out. Of these ideas further below.The ( and only coffee ) to the hands and feet research at Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute!

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